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| | Abstract | | Recently, the marine CSEM (Controlled-Source ElectroMagnetic) methods for offshore hydrocarbon explorations are developed and widely used. One of the problems of the marine CSEM methods for shallow water is the airwave problem which travels from the source via the sea surface to receivers on the seabed with less attenuation, masks the anomalous signals from the hydrocarbon reservoir and complicates the interpretation of the subsurface structures. This paper shows how the removal of the airwave effects by subtracting the approximate equations which describe the airwave component is effective using 1D numerical simulation under various conditions, and how the use of the low frequency responses can overcome the airwave effects. Finally, the expectation of the airwave equations and the airwave effects are discussed with the previous studies. |
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